Ways to Reduce Risk for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally (1). Despite its prevalence, lung cancer can be largely preventable. By understanding the risk factors and adopting preventive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their chances of developing this chronic disease.
Overview of the Risk for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer primarily affects the respiratory system, starting in the lungs and potentially spreading to other parts of the body. While smoking remains the most significant risk factor, non-smokers are not entirely immune. Other factors such as exposure to second-hand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, air pollution, and genetic predispositions also contribute to the risk.
Ways to Prevent Lung Cancer
1. Avoid Smoking
The most effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer is to avoid smoking altogether (2). Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens that damage lung tissue, leading to cancer. For smokers, quitting can drastically reduce the risk. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the relative risk of lung cancer decreases steadily after smoking cessation, dropping to half after 10 to 15 years of cessation (3).
2. Minimise Exposure to Second-hand Smoke
Non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke have a significantly higher chance of developing lung cancer. Second-hand smoke, or passive smoke, is a major risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers, increasing the risk by about 20-30% (4). No amount of exposure to second-hand smoke is safe. Ensuring homes and vehicles are smoke-free can protect non-smokers from the harmful effects of tobacco smoke.
4. Avoid Exposure to Carcinogens at Work
Certain occupations expose workers to carcinogens such as asbestos, arsenic, and diesel exhaust (5). Ensuring proper safety measures, using protective equipment, and following safety protocols can significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer associated with occupational exposure. Employers are also mandated by law to provide a safe working environment, and employees should be proactive in adhering to safety guidelines.
5. Maintain a Healthy Diet
A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help lower the risk of lung cancer. These foods contain antioxidants and phytochemicals that protect cells from damage. Studies have shown that a high intake of vegetables and fruits, particularly cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cabbage, is associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer (6).
6. Reduce Air Pollution Exposure
Prolonged exposure to polluted air can increase the risk of lung cancer. Air pollution, particularly in highly polluted cities, has been identified as a significant risk factor for lung cancer. During periods of poor air quality, staying indoors, using air purifiers, and wearing masks can help reduce exposure to harmful pollutants. According to estimates from the World Health Organisation, air pollution causes over 4 million unnecessary deaths globally each year and Lung cancer is one of the primary causes (7).
Conclusion
Reducing the risk of lung cancer involves a combination of lifestyle changes, environmental awareness, and proactive health measures. By avoiding smoking, minimizing exposure to second-hand smoke and other carcinogens, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, and being mindful of air quality, individuals can significantly lower their chances of developing lung cancer.
References
- Barta, J. A., Powell, C. A., & Wisnivesky, J. P. (2019). Global Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Annals of Global Health, 85(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2419
- Benefits of Reduced Smoking on Lung Cancer. (2024, February 9). Cancer.gov; Cancer.gov. https://dceg.cancer.gov/news-events/news/2024/reducing-smoking-lung-cancer#:~:text=A%20new%20analysis%20quantifies%20the
- Faselis, C., Nations, J. A., Morgan, C. J., Antevil, J., Roseman, J. M., Zhang, S., … & Ahmed, A. (2022). Assessment of lung cancer risk among smokers for whom annual screening is not recommended. JAMA oncology, 8(10), 1428-1437. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2794805
- CDC. (2022, November 28). Health problems caused by secondhand smoke. Www.cdc.gov; CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/health.html
- Cani, M., Turco, F., Butticè, S., Vogl, U. M., Buttigliero, C., Novello, S., & Capelletto, E. (2023). How Does Environmental and Occupational Exposure Contribute to Carcinogenesis in Genitourinary and Lung Cancers? Cancers, 15(10), 2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15102836
- Ağagündüz, D., Şahin, T. Ö., Yılmaz, B., Ekenci, K. D., Duyar Özer, Ş., & Capasso, R. (2022). Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Bioactive Metabolites: from Prevention to Novel Therapies of Colorectal Cancer. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1534083
- Lung Cancer. (n.d.). www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg. https://www.singaporecancersociety.org.sg/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.html#risk-factors
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